You can follow the official doc and apply konghq.com/plugins: rate-limiting-plugin-name annotation to your ingress. That way the rate limiting plugin will only be applied on this ingress object which is the route.
Ingress doesn’t provide any way to add configuration for specific rules beyond the settings exposed by Ingress itself (effectively just the rule path and associated backend Service). Annotations, which are the only way to add vendor-specific configuration (such as Kong plugin configurations) must be configured at the Ingress level, and apply to all rules in that Ingress. You cannot apply them to a subset of an Ingress’s rules only.
As such, to apply that plugin to some rules and not others, you will need multiple Ingresses covering different paths in your application’s API. You’ll apply the rate limiting configuration only to the Ingress that contains rules you want to throttle.